Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Erie (Fertilized Egg)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
710 - Pred/Prey Example - 492 111
Details
- Stomachs of yellow perch, spottail shiners, stonecats, and white suckers were
found to contain walleye eggs in Lake Erie.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
741 - Oxygen Example - 73 112
Details
- Perch egg strands may be protected from deoxygenation by attachment to plants.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
791 - Pollution Tolerate - 10 112
Details
- The increase in yellow perch stocks in Lake Erie was attributed to the
pollution resistance of eggs and fry.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
(Fertilized Egg)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
709 Pred/Prey Example 111 -
Details
Yellow perch, carp, suckers, minnows, bullheads, and yellow bass have been
known to eat walleye eggs.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
747 Chesapeake Bay Temperature Example 8.5°12°C 861 112
Details
Hatching takes 2527 days after incubation at 8.5°12°C (230300 degree
days).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
748 Temperature Example 7.5°C 533 112
Details
Hatching takes 21 days at 7.5°C (158 degreedays).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
749 Temperature Example 8.3°C 525 112
Details
Hatching takes 27 days at 8.3°C (224 degreedays).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
750 Water Motion Lethal 63 112
Details
Egg masses may be cast ashore by wind, waves or currents. They are then
lost.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
751 Oneida Lake Water Motion Lethal 496 112
Details
Windrows of millions of perch eggs were found washed up on beaches of
Oneida Lake after severe storms. There may also have been losses due
to dislodgement of egg masses and transfer of egg masses to deep
unsuitable substrates.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1222 Temperature Optimum 513 837
845
Details
Yearclass strength is positively correlated with the rate of warming during
incubation and hatching.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1240 Depth Characteristic 1.03.7 m 847 837
850
Details 839
- Yellow perch egg strands are broadcast in water depths 1.0-3.7 m. 496
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1242 Temperature Optimum 853 837
Details
The temperature range for embryo incubation and hatching was 7°20°C.
Temperatures of 10°C, increasing 1°C/day to 20°C, are optimum for embryo
development.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Erie (Juvenile)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
754 Pred/Prey Example 529 112
Details
0+ walleye fed primarily on 0+ perch in Lake Erie until July when
surviving perch grew out of the length range of fry preferred by walleye.
In June, perch made up to 93% of the identifiable food in walleye stomachs.
By September or October, perch reached the size preferred by 1+ walleye.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
756 Pred/Prey Example 73 112
Oxygen Example
Details
In the central basin of Lake Erie, perch and smelt fry are probably protected
from walleye predation due to hypolimnial oxygen depletion which excludes
walleye from their foraging base.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
795 Pred/Prey Example 73 19
Details
Dominant year-classes of yellow perch can exert, three years after hatching,
a predatory pressure on YOY walleye that forces walleye abundance into a
threeyear cycle.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Huron (Juvenile)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
726 Saginaw Bay Depth Example - 507 112
Details
- Perch in Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron were only found in shallow water
(<1 m deep) until October when they moved off shore to water 2.7-7.5 m
deep.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1170 Southern Phys. Assoc. Characteristic - 805 798
Georgian Bay Depth Characteristic 1 m
Temperature Characteristic 24°C
Details
- Typical nursery habitat in southern Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, for 50-mm
(range 16-98 mm) muskellunge was composed of eight families of emergent
and floating vegetation and nine species of submergent vegetation. Sedge
was the most abundant emergent family. Bushy pondweed Chara spp., and
variable pondweed were the predominant submergent species. Emergent and
floating vegetation were most common near shore and decreased in density
as mean depth increased. Submerged vegetation increased in density off
shore. These nursery areas were 1 m deep, and substrate consisted of sand,
muck, and a silt-detritus mixture. In the nursery areas, 19 other fish species
were found, with largemouth bass, yellow perch, and pumpkinseed the most
common. The mean water temperature was 24°C in the nursery habitats.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Michigan (Juvenile)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
725 Depth Characteristic <27 m 850 112
Details
Perch are usually found in water <27 m in Lake Michigan. Young fish occupy
shallower water than adults.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
(Juvenile)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
566 Pred/Prey Characteristic 110 -
Details
The principal foods of adult bass were small centrarchids, crayfish, perch,
gizzard shad, and other fish.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
569 Michigan Pred/Prey Example 227 110
Details
In Chub Lake, Michigan, where forage fishes were not abundant and growth
of bass was slow, bass did not eat bass of their own age group, but yearlings
did eat some YOY. Adult bass took small perch and almost no small bass.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
621 Pred/Prey Optimum 111 -
Details
Lakes lacking suitable forage fishes usually maintain low stocks of walleye.
Highest-standing stocks usually occur in lakes with abundant small percids,
cyprinids, osmerids, percopsids, or coregonines.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
646 Pred/Prey Characteristic 111 -
Details
A number of fish species feed on walleye fry. These species include yellow
perch, white bass, yellow bass, smallmouth bass, rainbow smelt, saugers,
bullheads, burbot, and (most importantly) northern pike.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
673 Pred/Prey Example 111 -
Details
In many lakes in the northern and central regions of walleye distribution,
YOY perch (when available) are usually predominant prey fish.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
694 Minnesota Movement Characteristic Schooling 474 111
537
Details 465
YOY walleye seem to show stronger schooling tendencies and are often
associated with schools of YOY perch.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
720 Lake Nipissing, Temperature Prefer 21°24°C 215 112
Ontario
Details
In laboratory tests, young perch preferred water temperature of 21°24°C.
Young perch were also found in warmer water than adults in Lake Nipissing.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
735 CO2 Lethal 110 mm Hg 495 112
Details
The CO2 tension at which perch can utilize half the available oxygen is
~ 80 mm Hg. The tension at which no oxygen is available is 110 mm Hg.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
742 Movement Characteristic Schooling 63 112
Details
Perch fry may form mixed schools with other fry of springspawning fish.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
755 Movement Characteristic 515 112
497
Details 517
Postlarval perch move off shore to the epilimnion for the first part of
summer.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
757 Pred/Prey Example 503 112
498
Details 513
Parallel fluctuations in yearclass strengths of perch and walleye have been
recorded in many American lakes.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
758 Pred/Prey Example 498 112
Details
The density of young perch fluctuated in the same sense as growth
increments of walleye. Therefore, walleye depended upon Young perch.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
760 Minnesota Pred/Prey Example 532 112
Details
The main food of postlarvae yellow perch was small entomostraca. Yellow
perch utilized larger forms (as available) by the time they reached
30 mm long and then began to take benthic invertebrates.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
762 Pred/Prey Characteristic 528 112
Light Example
Details
Perch fry fed continuously during daylight hours under natural conditions.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
763 Pred/Prey Characteristic 516 112
Temperature Optimum 23°C
Details
In a range of experiments using perch weighing 5.223.7 g at 9.4°30.6°C,
maintenance ration, appetite, and growth were optimal at ~23°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
774 Wisconsin Temperature Prefer 23°C 161 112
Pred/Prey Example
Details
Perch, given a choice of preferred temperature conditions (23°C) without
food and extreme temperatures (29°C) with food, chose to live at the
preferred temperature and make forays out for food. Neither laboratory
nor field results at Lake Monona, where fish distribution was studied in
the area affected by the heated outfall from a power plant, suggested that
thermoregulatory behavior was overridden by feeding behavior (even
though zooplankton was more abundant in the outfall area than in
unheated parts of the littoral).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1215 Pred/Prey Characteristic 517 837
857
Details
After becoming bottom dwelling in littoral areas, juveniles feed on
amphipods, ostracods, and chironomid larvae. Larger yellow perch
(>120 mm) prey on aquatic insects, fish, and crayfish.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1250 Temperature Prefer 20°23°C 837 862
Details
Temperatures selected in summer months are 20°23°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1251 Temperature Lethal 29.2°35.0°C 479 837
Details
The ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature for yellow perch is 29.2°-35.0°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1510 Pred/Prey Characteristic 1077 1066
857
Details
In northern areas, age 0+ and 1+ yellow perch often account for a large
portion of the diet in classic large, shallow, perchwalleye lakes.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Erie (Larva)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
734 Temperature Example 22°C 530 112
Oxygen Lethal 1 ppm
Details
At 22°C the lethal oxygen concentration for fry was 1 ppm.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
791 Pollution Tolerate 10 112
Details
The increase in yellow perch stocks in Lake Erie was attributed to the
pollution resistance of eggs and fry.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
(Larva)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
646 Pred/Prey Characteristic 111 -
Details
A number of fish species feed on walleye fry. These species include
yellow perch, white bass, yellow bass, smallmouth bass, rainbow smelt,
saugers, bullheads, burbot, and (most importantly) northern pike.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
752 Pred/Prey Example 528 112
Details
Predation on perch fry by older perch and walleye seldom occurred before
fry were 1.8 cm long.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
753 Oneida Lake Pred/Prey Example 523 112
Details
Walleye 9 mm long were feeding on 0+ perch. These perch became a more
important food item as walleyes reached 19 mm long.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
759 Pred/Prey Example 535 112
Details
Polyarthra was selected by fry of 5.49.0 mm total length and cyclopoid cope-
pods ~6 mm and larger. Perch fry had small mouths and were weak swimmers.
Food had to be small enough to be ingested and slow enough to be caught.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
761 Lake Nipigon Pred/Prey Lethal Cannibalism 508 112
Details
Cannibalism in perch seems to be universal and starts very early. In Lake
Nipigon, Ontario, fry 2.5 cm long have been identified as cannibals.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1214 Pred/Prey Characteristic 535 837
857
Details
- Yellow perch larvae (6 mm) feed on copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepods,
and cladocerans.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1222 Temperature Optimum 513 837
845
Details
Yearclass strength is positively correlated with the rate of warming during
incubation and hatching.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1245 Temperature Tolerate 3°28°C 479 837
Details
Fry tolerate temperatures from 3°-28°C, but are inactive <5.3°C. Fry
survival is better at 20°C than at 10°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1246 Temperature Prefer 867 837
Details
Young fry (before swim bladder formation) have a tendency to move to
warm-water areas.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1247 Movement Characteristic 837 -
Details
Fry move to open water during the first two months of life.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1248 Water Motion Limit 2.5 cm/s 854 837
Details
Larvae <9.5 mm are unable to maintain position in current velocities
>2.5 cm/s.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1249 Oneida Lake, Water Motion Limit - 496 837
New York
Details
Larval survival and wind velocity are inversely related.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Ontario (Non-spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
724 Depth Example 28, 56 m 536 112
Details
In Lake Ontario, perch have been found in water 28 m deep in August.
In November, perch have been found in water 56 m deep.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
768 Competitors Example 9 112
Details
The increase of perch in the eastern outlet of Lake Ontario was attributed
to improved littoral food resources after the collapse of whitefish stocks.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
769 Competitors Example 10 112
Eutrophication Example
Phys. Assoc. Example Cladophora
Pred/Prey Example
Details
Perch increased in Lake Ontario around the dense beds of cladophora
which appeared with eutrophication at the same time as whitefish
disappeared. Improvement for perch may have been due to the creation
of new habitats for food organisms in the weed beds rather than the
removal of competition.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Erie (Non-spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
710 Pred/Prey Example 492 111
Details
- Stomachs of yellow perch, spottail shiners, stonecats, and white suckers
were found to contain walleye eggs in Lake Erie.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
740 Pollution Example 10 112
Details
The recent dominance in Lake Erie of perch and smelt may reflect
pollution resistance.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
756 Pred/Prey Example 73 112
Oxygen Example
Details
In the central basin of Lake Erie, perch and smelt fry are probably
protected from walleye predation due to hypolimnial oxygen depletion
which excludes walleye from their foraging base.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
767 Competitors Example 73 112
Details
An increase in perch stocks of Lake Erie occurred after the collapse of
blue pike. This increase was regarded as a response to increased food
resources freed by the blue pike decline.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
772 Rondeau Bay Pred/Prey Example Daphnia 534 112
Movement Example
Light Example
Details
A daily migration at sunrise from Rondeau Bay into Lake Erie occurred
when 23 year-old perch (mean length 13.5 cm) fed on Daphnia. The
perch returned just before sunset and remained inactive at night.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
783 Nanticoke Temperature Example 505 112
Generating Water Motion Example
Station Movement Example
Details
The effect of a thermal discharge from the Nanticoke generating station,
Lake Erie, was to localize perch by increasing the sharpness of turns
and decreasing the distance between turns. The perch were also oriented
into the current. Perch from unaffected habitats oriented in relation
to the shoreline.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
789 Competitors Example 506 112
Depth Example Bottom
Details
The abundance of yellow perch in bottom trawls of Lake Erie showed a
significant decrease over the 196266 interval, The decrease coincided
with a dramatic increase in alewife catch.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
790 Competitors Example 10 112
Details
The increase in yellow perch stocks in Lake Erie was attributed to the
reduction of blue pike.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
795 Pred/Prey Example 73 19
Details
Dominant year-classes of yellow perch can exert, three years after hatching,
a predatory pressure on YOY walleye that forces walleye abundance into a
threeyear cycle.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1238 Temperature Lethal 32.3°C 513 837
Details
The upper lethal summer temperature is 32.3°C.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Huron (Non-spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
722 Saginaw Bay Movement Characteristic 507 112
Area of Water Characteristic 215
Depth Characteristic
Details
Perch usually occupy deep water in lakes during winter and move inshore to
spawn in spring. They remain in littoral or epilimnetic waters until autumn
before returning to deep waters.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
779 Temperature Limit 509 112
Depth Example 6 m
Details
- In Lake Huron, annual growth increments of adult female perch were
correlated with mean summer (JuneOctober) water temperature in water
6 m deep.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Michigan (Non-spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
725 - Depth Characteristic <27 m 850 112
Details
Perch are usually found in water <27 m deep in Lake Michigan. Young fish
occupy shallower water than adults.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
(Non-spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
376 Wisconsin Pred/Prey Example 209 109
288
Details
- Introduction of muskellunge into two Wisconsin lakes eliminated most of the
yellow perch and largemouth bass >100 mm long. Enough muskellunge
remained, apparently in secure habitats, to reproduce successfully each year.
Smallmouth bass were relatively secure from muskellunge predation and
increased in abundance as largemouth bass decreased.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
566 Pred/Prey Characteristic 110 -
Details
The principal foods of adult bass were small centrarchids, crayfish, perch,
gizzard shad, and other fish.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
569 Michigan Pred/Prey Example 227 110
Details
In Chub Lake, Michigan, where forage fishes were not abundant and growth
of bass was slow, bass did not eat bass of their own age group, but yearlings
did eat some YOY. Adult bass took small perch and almost no small bass.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
621 Pred/Prey Optimum 111 -
Details
Lakes lacking suitable forage fishes usually maintain low stocks of walleye.
Highest-standing stocks usually occur in lakes with abundant small percids,
cyprinids, osmerids, percopsids, or coregonines.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
646 Pred/Prey Characteristic 111 -
Details
A number of fish species feed on walleye fry. These species include yellow
perch, white bass, yellow bass, smallmouth bass, rainbow smelt, saugers,
bullheads, burbot, and (most importantly) northern pike.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
658 Competitors Example 63 -
Details
Walleye compete with such piscivorous fish as northern pike, yellow perch,
sauger, and smallmouth bass. Northern pike is probably the most important.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
673 Pred/Prey Example 111 -
Details
In many lakes in the northern and central regions of walleye distribution,
YOY perch (when available) are usually predominant prey fish.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
709 Pred/Prey Example 111 -
Details
Yellow perch, carp, suckers, minnows, bullheads, and yellow bass have been
known to eat walleye eggs.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
718 Area of Water Characteristic 112 -
Details
Throughout its range, perch occurs in lakes and the slower reaches of
rivers. Because of its relatively high fecundity and unspecialized spawning
requirements, perch populates new reservoirs, impoundments, and canals
very rapidly.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
719 Lake Nipissing Temperature Prefer 19°21°C 215 112
Details
In Lake Nipissing, perch preferred temperatures of 19°21°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
721 Water Motion Avoid 518 112
Details
Mountain ranges prevented the natural western extension of perch in North
America because they were unable to live in streams with rapid flow.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
727 Wisconsin Depth Example 500 112
Temperature Example
Movement Example Schooling
Details
Schools of perch have been recorded at all depths from near the surface
close to the bottom (in water 26 m deep) in Lake Mendota from January to
June. With stratification in early July, perch were usually found in the
thermocline in water 1012 m deep.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
728 Lake Mendota Light Example 500 112
Area of Water Example 501
Movement Example schooling 539
Details
Perch in Lake Mendota remained inactive on the bottom at night, formed
schools in the morning twilight, and then moved out into open water.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
729 Light Example 112 -
Area of Water Example
Movement Characteristic
Details
Perch are day active in all localities and inactive at night on the bottom.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
730 Turbidity Limit 63 112
Details
Numbers of perch decrease as turbidity increases.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
731 Phys. Assoc. Characteristic 63 112
Details
Perch are most abundant in lakes with a muddy, sandy, or gravel bottom.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
732 Ice Example 531 112
Oxygen Limit 0.25 ppm
Details
For perch subjected to winterkill conditions in aquaria, as the DO levels
fell from 4.00-0.25 ppm the fish rose from the lower middle depths until
they were nosing at the ice.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
733 Temperature Example 20°C 519 112
Oxygen Limit 7 ppm
Movement Limit
Details
The level of oxygen at which activity is restricted is 7 ppm at 20°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No. 736 Chesapeake Bay Salinity Example <13% 522 112
Details
Perch have been reported in Chesapeake Bay in water with a salinity <13%.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
737 Chesapeake Bay Salinity Example 5%7% 527 112
Details
Perch have been reported in Chesapeake Bay in water with a salinity of
5%7%.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
738 North Carolina Salinity Prefer 1.8%3.5% 504 112
Details
Perch have been reported in the Neuse River, North Carolina, in water with
a salinity of 12.2%, but prefer water with a salinity of 1.8%3.5%.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
739 Manitoba Salinity Example <10.3% 510 112
Details
Perch have been reported in prairie lakes of Manitoba with a salinity range
<10.3%.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
752 Pred/Prey Example 528 112
Details
Predation on perch fry by older perch and walleye seldom occurred before
fry were 1.8 cm long.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
765 Competitors Example 63 112
Details
For food, perch may compete with any or all other predatory fishes present
in the same water. These fish include brook trout, ciscoes, lake whitefish,
basses (Morone spp. and Micropterus spp.), crappies, and bluegill.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
766 Competitors Limit Intraspecific 63 112
Details
Intraspecific competition may lead to stunting.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
770 Pred/Prey Example 63 -
112
Details
Almost all warm- to cold-water predatory fish will eat perch, including basses
(Morone spp. and Micropterus spp.), sunfish, crappies, walleye, sauger, pike,
muskellunge, and lake trout.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
771 Movement Characteristic 524 112
Light Example
Details
Perch movements are considered limnodromous (on shore at sunset
and off shore at dawn).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
773 Movement Characteristic 112 -
Pred/Prey Characteristic
Area of Water Characteristic
Details
Limnodromous movements take perch off shore during the day so that feeding
occurs in the open water and on the sublittoral.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
775 Pred/Prey Characteristic 499 112
Temperature Example
Depth Characteristic
Details
In winter, perch tend to occur in deep water. Although food turnover
may not be high, a low level of feeding occurs mostly on benthic animals.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
776 Phys. Assoc. Avoid Vegetation 112 -
Movement Example
Pred/Prey Characteristic
Area of Water Example
Details
Perch appear to be reluctant to enter vegetated ares to feed, and depend
mainly on open water.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
777 Pred/Prey Characteristic 112 -
Details
Perch are adapted to a diet of small, live animals.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
778 Pred/Prey Characteristic 850 112
Details
Perch take whatever small animals are most available.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
780 Movement Characteristic 112 -
Details
In large unrestricted environments where tagging experiments have been
conducted, perch do not travel extensively.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
781 Wisconsin Area of Water Example 521 112
Movement Example
Light Example
Depth Example
Details
Perch were active by day in open water 1525 m deep in Lake Mendota.
Following presundown inshore movement, the fish settled to the bottom
as twilight approached.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
782 Depth Example 512 112
Movement Example
Light Example Day
Temperature Example
Details
Perch were active by day at all seasons, but their level of activity depended
upon temperature and photoperiod. Daily activity was quantitatively related
to water temperature, but its quality also varied seasonally. In winter,
perch were active on the bottom of their test tank. In summer, perch were
equally active at the surface and the bottom. In August, perch were more
active at the surface than anywhere.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
784 Lake Constance Eutrophication Example 514 112
Area of Water Example
Pred/Prey Example
Details
In Lake Constance before eutrophication, adult perch were limited to the
littoral areas in summer. After eutrophication, they moved into the
sublittoral and pelagic regions to feed on abundant cladoceran
plankton.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
785 Wisconsin Movement Example Schooling 520 112
Details
Spindleshaped shoals of 50200 individuals, stratified by size and age, were
described from Lake Mendota.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
786 Movement Characteristic Schooling 499 112
Light Example Night
Details
The dissolution of perch schools at night has been observed.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
787 Manitoba Movement Characteristic Schooling 517 112
Light Example Night
Details
The dissolution of perch schools at night has been observed, with
individuals resting on the bottom among submerged vegetation.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
788 Lake Mendota Movement Characteristic Schooling 501 112
Light Example Night
Temperature Example
Clarity Example
Details
Light transmission was positively correlated (r=0.77) and temperature
negatively correlated (r=0.89) with shoal size in perch at Lake Mendota.
In summer, the individual distance of perch schools was <450 cm, and
>450 cm in winter. Summer schools were smaller than winter schools.
Summer schools were ~2.5 m from top to bottom. Winter schools were
~6.9 m. In the winter, Lake Mendota was much clearer at a given depth
than it was in summer because of the absence of seston. Water clarity
may have allowed the operation of attractionrepulsion mechanisms over
a greater distance than was possible in the murky summer environment.
In winter, zooplankton was scarcer than in summer, although greater
individual distance in the perch school allowed a greater volume of
water to be searched.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1224 Phys. Assoc. Characteristic 850 837
517
Details 858
Yellow perch are associated with shoreline (littoral) areas in lakes and 849
reservoirs where there are moderate amounts of vegetation present.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1225 Area of Water Example 843 837
Phys. Assoc. Characteristic 858
Details
Suitable riverine habitat resembles the lacustrine habitat (pools and
slack water areas with moderate amounts of vegetation of >20% of area).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1226 Oxygen Lethal 0.21.5 mg/l 863 837
842
Details 859
Levels of 0.2-1.5 mg/l DO are lethal.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1227 Oxygen Lethal <3.1 mg/l 863 837
at 26°C
Details
At a summer temperature of 26°C, DO concentrations <3.1 mg/l were lethal.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1228 Oxygen Limit 5 mg/l 837 -
Details
A DO level of 5 mg/l would be the lower optimum limit.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1229 Chesapeake Bay Salinity Example 522 837
Region
Details
Yellow perch are found in brackish water at river mouths.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1230 Manitoba Salinity Limit 10.3 ppt 510 837
Details
Yellow perch are found in Manitoba lakes with salinities as high as 10.3 ppt.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1232 Turbidity Characteristic 63 837
866
Details
Yellow perch are most common in clear water and numbers
decrease with increasing turbidity.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1233 Ontario pH Tolerate 3.99.5 855 837
Details
Yellow perch are found in Ontario lakes with a pH range ~3.9-9.5.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1235 pH Optimum 6.88.5 789 837
Details
Using a criteria for freshwater fish, the optimum pH range is 6.58.5.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1236 Temperature Prefer 17.6°25.0°C 513 837
862
Details
Preferred temperatures of adult perch during the growing season are
17.6°C-25.0°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1237 Quebec/Vermont Temperature Limit 6°10°C 1121 837
Details
Growth is initiated at 6°-10°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1239 Water Motion Prefer 527 837
860
Details
Yellow perch adults can be found in moderate currents, but prefer sluggish
currents or slack water habitat (particularly during spawning).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1252 Area of Water Characteristic 67 837
866
Details 849
Yellow perch of all sizes are abundant in the littoral zone of lakes and 838
reservoirs.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1510 Pred/Prey Characteristic 1077 1066
857
Details
In northern areas, age 0+ and 1+ yellow perch often account for a large
portion of the diet in classic large, shallow, perchwalleye lakes.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Lake Huron (Spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
722 Saginaw Bay Movement Characteristic - 507 112
Area of Water Characteristic - 215
Depth Characteristic -
Details
- Perch usually occupy deep water in lakes during winter and move inshore
to spawn in spring. These remain in littoral or epilimnetic waters until
autumn before returning to deep waters.
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
(Spawning Adult)
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
743 Oneida Lake Depth Characteristic 0.53.0 m 497 112
Details
Perch spawn mostly in water 0.53.0 m in natural lakes, including Oneida
Lake.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
744 - Phys. Assoc. Example - 63 112
Details
Perch may spawn on fallen trees, submerged brush, and over sand and gravel.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
745 Montana Phys. Assoc. Example 511 112
Details
Perch will spawn on floating debris and prefer submerged fir branches.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
746 Phys. Assoc. Requirement 111 -
Details
A general requirement for spawning substrata allows perch to use a wide
variety of habitats.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
764 Competitors Characteristic None 112 -
Details
Perch have no competitors for spawning area because their site requirements
are not restricted. Almost any object will suffice for the attachment of
perch egg strands.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1216 Movement Characteristic 847 837
Temperature Characteristic 7°13°C 67
Details
Yellow perch begin spawning migrations from deep water into tributaries,
lake shallows, or low-velocity areas of rivers April-June when water
temperatures reach 7°13°C.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1217 Light Requirement 539 837
Details
Photoperiod may trigger spawning.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1218 Lake Opinicon, Temperature Requirement 1120 837
Ontario
Details
Rising water temperatures may trigger spawning.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1219 General 479 837
Details
Completion of maturation may trigger spawning.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1220 Temperature Requirement >10°C 479 837
Details
Adults must be exposed to an extended period of cold water temperatures to
ensure ripening of eggs. A winter minimum temperature of 10°C is near the
upper limit for maturation of gonads.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1221 Phys. Assoc. Characteristic 850 837
496
Details
The female releases a gelatinous, semibuoyant string of eggs near aquatic
or inundated terrestrial vegetation. Rocks, sand, or gravel may be used if
submerged vegetation is not available.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1223 Missouri River Water Level Optimum 866 837
Details
Rising water levels during spawning season in Missouri River reservoirs led
to large year-classes because of increased inundation of terrestrial
vegetation.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1231 Salinity Requirement 63 837
Details
Yellow perch require fresh water for spawning.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1234 Ontario pH Limit 5.5 868 837
Details
Reproductive success is reduced in lakes with pH <5.5.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1239 Water Motion Prefer 527 837
860
Details
Yellow perch adults can be found in moderate currents, but prefer sluggish
currents or slack water habitat (particularly during spawning).
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1241 Temperature Limit 4°10°C 479 837
856
Details
Minimum water temperatures (4°10°C) should be maintained for 145175
days to allow for normal gonadal development of adults so that viable
gametes will be produced.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1243 Water Motion Characteristic <5 cm/s 847 837
Details
Spawning occurs in low current velocities of <5 cm/s.
Ref. No. Locality (Stock) Factor(s) Influence(s) Data Primary Ref. No. Review No.
1244 California Water Motion Limit 25 cm/s 843 837
Details
Velocities ~25 cm/s have been found to fragment egg strands in the
Klamath River, California.